NURS 8310 Week 11 Practical Application of Epidemiological Interventions in Settings and Populations Paper

NURS 8310 Week 11 Practical Application of Epidemiological Interventions in Settings and Populations  Paper

Discussion Questions

Discussion 1

The identified disaster for this discussion is the Haiti earthquake of 2021. A 7.2 magnitude earthquake struck Haiti on 14 August 2021. The disaster killed at least 2248 people as of September 2021 and injured more than 12000 people. It also led to an increased humanitarian crisis for more than 650000 people who needed medical, food, clothing, and water assistance. The earthquake also led to a significant destruction of the infrastructure and loss of animals and property (Martinez et al., 2021). Cumulatively, the disaster affected more than 500,000 people in the region.

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Disasters, including the Haiti earthquake of 2021 have considerable implications for epidemiology. Accordingly, epidemiologists have to provide timely epidemiological data that would guide the adoption of data recovery and response interventions. Epidemiologists should provide data about the environmental risks, population health concerns, morbidity, and mortality rates to guide response and recovery interventions (Lindstaedt, 2021). An example of the consideration during the Haiti earthquake was the increased need to provide healthcare providers and other stakeholders with epidemiological facts about the public health needs of the affected populations. The other epidemiological consideration is the development of an epidemiological model that would be used in investigating the effect of the disaster and appropriate interventions (Analytica, 2021). The model should focus on aspects that include disaster confirmation, case definition, case finding, descriptive epidemiology, hypothesis generation, epidemiology analysis, surveillance, and control measures implementation.

The response by the Haitian government and other institutions to the earthquake was effective. The government deployed its disaster management professionals to assess the severity and assist the affected populations. Non-governmental organizations such as Catholic Agency for Overseas Development and Red Cross among others provided the emergency support needed by the affected populations. Countries including the USA also provided relief support to Haiti, improving the response and recovery efforts (Analytica, 2021). Therefore, the adopted interventions by the Haitian government were effective.

References

Analytica, O. (2021). Haiti earthquake will test international aid response. Emerald Expert Briefings, oxan-es.

Lindstaedt, N. (2021). Human Security in Disease and Disaster. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

Martinez, S. N., Allstadt, K. E., Slaughter, S. L., Schmitt, R. G., Collins, E., Schaefer, L. N., & Ellison, S. (2021). Landslides triggered by the August 14, 2021, magnitude 7.2 Nippes, Haiti, earthquake. In Landslides triggered by the August 14, 2021, magnitude 7.2 Nippes, Haiti, earthquake (USGS Numbered Series No. 2021–1112; Open-File Report, Vols. 2021–1112). U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211112

Discussion 2

Hypertension is a crucial problem that affects a significant proportion of the American population. As a result, programs that aim at preventing hypertension-related complications and reducing their rate in the state have been adopted. An example of such programs is the employee programs that have been adopted to address the problem. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), employee programs at those offered on-site at one’s workplace. They rely on surveys on employee health that identify the number of employees with or at risk of hypertension and the urgency of hypertension-related interventions to promote their optimum health (CDC, 2021). The programs also include hypertension screening, health education, and those targeting increased physical activity among the employees.

Cultural, ethical, regulatory, and legal factors influence the employee programs for hypertension in workplaces. The program should consider the employees’ diverse cultural values, beliefs, and practices. Issues such as diversity in nutritional practices should be considered in program implementation. The programs should also promote employee autonomy by enabling them to make informed decisions about their participation (Skochelak, 2020). They should not predispose employees to any form of harm, hence, beneficence and non-maleficence.

Regulatory factors related to employee issues also affect the programs. Employees have the legal right to participate or not in the programs. Therefore, organizations should respect employee autonomy to prevent legal issues in the implementation of the program. Healthcare legislation that includes the Affordable Care Act has a positive effect on employee programs (Mastroianni et al., 2019). The legislations increase the access to care by employees affected or at risk of hypertension by eliminating cost-barriers, they experience in the care process.

References

CDC. (2021, May 12). Programs | Blood Pressure Interventions | Workplace Health Strategies by Condition | Workplace Health Promotion | CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/health-strategies/blood-pressure/interventions/programs.html

Mastroianni, A. C., Kahn, J. P., & Kass, N. E. (2019). The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics. Oxford University Press.

Skochelak, S. E. (2020). Health Systems Science E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

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Week 11: Practical Application of Epidemiological Interventions in Settings and Populations

Most people can recall where they were and what they were doing on the morning of September 11, 2001, when terrorists flew two airplanes into the Twin Towers. One week after that attack, anthrax was sent through the U.S. Postal Service to news media offices and politicians. In addition to these human-made emergencies, notable natural disasters have also occurred: the tsunami in Japan, a large earthquake in Haiti, tornadoes throughout the central United States, wildfires in California and Texas, flooding in the Northeast, etc. Out of all these disasters, many heroic stories unfolded as cities quickly responded to the needs of the citizens. For example, the New York Visiting Nurses Association had over 1,400 patients in the lower Manhattan area affected by the September 11th terrorist attacks. Within 3 days, they had tracked down each of their patients either in shelters or in the homes of family members.

In this final week of the course, you will consider emergency preparedness and disaster management strategies, and you will evaluate how these strategies are used to cope with disasters. In doing so, you will look through the lens of the epidemiologist and consider interventions for settings and populations. Additionally, you will be asked to synthesize your learning as you explore a case study on ethics and population health. You will also consider the effect of health care reform on a selected population health issue.
Learning Objectives
Students will:

Analyze epidemiological considerations resulting from natural or human-made disasters
Apply an epidemiological methods in a community-based or clinical setting to effectively address a population’s needs
Analyze the impact of culture, ethics, regulatory, and legal issues on population health
Evaluate the effects of health care reform as it relates to a selected population health initiative

Learning Resources

Required Readings

Nash, D. B., Skoufalos, A., Fabius, R. J. & Oglesby, W. H. (2021). On the path to health equity. In Population health: Creating a culture of wellness (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

 

Chapter 3 addresses non-biomedical influences on health that impact health equity. This chapter is explored in four sections: (a) meaning of health equity, (b) issues of racism and discrimination, (c) cultural competency, and (d) achieving health equity. The authors ask the reader to consider how current efforts to the address social determinants of health may be applied to your workplace.

Nash, D. B., Skoufalos, A., Fabius, R. J. & Oglesby, W. H. (2021). Policy and advocacy. In Population health: Creating a culture of wellness (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

 

Chapter 13 discusses the role that public policy and advocacy play in promoting and adapting public health initiatives and policies. Key players at the national level are identified. A common form of advocacy, lobbying is introduced. A vignette describing a successful coalition was described.

Levin, A. B., Bernier, M. L., Riggs, B. J., Zero, S. D., Johnson, E. D., Brant, K. N., Dwyer, J. G., Potter, C. J., Pustavoitau, A., Lentz, T. A., Jr, Warren, E. H., Milstone, A. M., & Schwartz, J. M. (2020). Transforming a PICU into an adult ICU during the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Meeting multiple needs. Critical Care Explorations, 2(9), e0201. https://doi-org/10.1097/CCE.0000000000000201

Sprung, C. L., Cohen, R., & Adini, B. (2010). Chapter 1. Introduction. Recommendations and standard operating procedures for intensive care unit and hospital preparations for an influenza epidemic or mass disaster. Intensive Care Medicine, 36(Supplement 1). S4-10

This reading describes the efforts put forth as a result of a task force established by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine in December 2007. The chapter examines the purpose and development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) to better address population needs during an infectious disease breakout or disaster.

Richards, G. A., & Sprung, C. L. (2010). Chapter 9. Educational process. Recommendations and standard operating procedures for intensive care unit and hospital preparations for an influenza epidemic or mass disaster. Intensive Care Medicine, 36(Supplement 1), S70–S79.

As noted in this chapter, planning and education are imperative to adequately prepare intensive care units (ICUs) and hospitals for an influenza pandemic or mass disaster. The authors provide standard operating procedures (SOPs) and recommendations.

Veenema, T. G., Deruggiero, K., Losinski, S., & Barnett, D. (2017). Hospital administration and nursing leadership in disasters. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 41(2), 151-163. doi: 10.1097/NAQ.0000000000000224.

Wu, X., Zheng, S., Huang, J., Zheng, Z., Xu, M., & Zhou, Y. (2020). Contingency nursing management in designated hospitals during COVID-19 outbreak. Annals of Global Health, 86(1), 70. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.5334/aogh.2918

Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.fema.gov/

 

Explore the Federal Emergency Management Agency website, whose mission is to “support our citizens and first responders to ensure that as a nation we work together to build, sustain, and improve our capability to prepare for, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate all hazards.”

Required Media

Laureate Education (Producer). (2012). Epidemiology and population health: Population health issues, part 1 [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 6 minutes.

In part 1 of this week’s media, the presenters discuss how epidemiology can be utilized to improve population health.

Laureate Education (Producer). (2012). Epidemiology and population health: Population health issues, part 2 [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 3 minutes.

In part 2, Dr. Hull discusses lessons learned from global efforts to eradicate polio.

The following document provides credit for Laureate-produced media within this course: Credits (PDF)

Discussion 1: Applied Epidemiology

On September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks created a grave disaster that included the destruction of the World Trade Center in New York. The day after 9/11, epidemiologists were asked to assess the environment around Ground Zero for potential hazards that might put those engaged in rescue and recovery at risk of harm. Beside the dust, what toxins might be in the air? Was the air quality safe or should rescue workers wear canister respirators or particle masks? What other protections might be necessary in the days following the disaster?

In this Discussion, you will look at the impact of a disaster through the lens of an epidemiologist, addressing such questions as, “What epidemiological considerations arise in the wake of a disaster? And, what makes disaster planning or emergency preparedness effective in terms of mitigating or preventing negative aftereffects?”

To prepare:

Identify a disaster that led to a population health issue. Consider this disaster through the lens of an epidemiologist, using the information presented in the Learning Resources to examine the epidemiological considerations resulting from the disaster. Conduct additional research as necessary using the Walden Library and credible websites.
Ask yourself, “What factors made the community’s and/or nation’s response effective or ineffective? What aspects of disaster planning or emergency preparedness did the community have in place that helped it cope with the disaster and resulting population health issue?”

By Day 3

Post a cohesive scholarly response that addresses the following:

Identify the disaster and resulting population health issue.
Describe the epidemiological considerations resulting from this disaster. Support your response with specific examples and evidence from the literature.
Discuss the factors that made the community’s and/or nation’s response effective or ineffective.

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.
By Day 5

Respond to at least two of your colleagues in one or more of the following ways:

Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence or research.
Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.
Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.
Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.
Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.
Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.

Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit!

Submission and Grading Information
Grading Criteria

To access your rubric:

Week 11 Discussion 1 Rubric

Post by Day 3 and Respond by Day 5

To participate in this Discussion:

Week 11 Discussion 1

Discussion 2: Factors That Impact Population Health

In this Discussion, you bring together the concepts that have been presented throughout this course by analyzing a current population health topic from an epidemiological approach. Consider the cultural, ethical, regulatory, and legal factors that may influence your selected topic.

To prepare:

Review the case study, presented on page 288 of your course text, Population Health: Creating a Culture of Wellness. Consider the cultural, ethical, and legal factors presented in the case study and how they influence the Michigan Primary Care Transformation Project.
With these thoughts in mind, select a current public health initiative that has been discussed in the popular press or available at the CDC website or your state’s health department website.
Consider this initiative through the lens of an epidemiologist, and identify what you think are the three most important issues related to culture, ethics, regulatory, or legal aspects of the public health initiative.
Consider how current health care legislation might impact your selected public health initiative. Conduct additional research as necessary.

By Day 4

Post a cohesive response that addresses the following:

Provide a summary of your selected public health initiative, and include a reference to the article (and URL to the article, if possible).
Analyze the cultural, ethical, regulatory, and legal factors that influence your specified population health topic.
Evaluate how current health care legislation may positively or negatively impact your selected public health initiative.

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.
By Day 6

Respond to at least two of your colleagues in one or more of the following ways:

Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence, or research.
Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.
Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.
Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.
Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.
Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.

Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit!

Submission and Grading Information
Grading Criteria

To access your rubric:

Week 11 Discussion 2 Rubric

Post by Day 4 and Respond by Day 6

To participate in this Discussion:

Week 11 Discussion 2

Assignment: Final Paper: Major Assessment 7: Using an Epidemiological Approach to Critically Analyze a Population Health Problem

Throughout this course, you have been applying an epidemiological approach to analyze a population health problem. In previous weeks, you have developed distinct sections of your paper; it is now time to finalize and submit a cohesive, polished version of work. This paper serves as your Major Assessment for this course and must be uploaded by Day 3of this week.

To prepare:

Finish incorporating any feedback from the submitted sections of your paper.

To complete:

Write a 12- to 15-page paper that includes the following:

Section 1: The Problem

A brief outline of the environment you selected (i.e., home, workplace, school)
A summary of your selected population health problem in terms of person, place, and time, and the magnitude of the problem based on data from appropriate data resources (Reference the data resources you used.)
Research question/hypothesis

Section 2: Research Methods

The epidemiologic study design you would use to assess and address your population health problem
Assessment strategies (i.e., if you were conducting a case-control study, how would you select your cases and controls? Regarding the methods and tools you would use to make these selections, how is it convenient for you as the researcher or as the investigator to use this tool?)
Summary of the data collection activities (i.e., how you would collect data—online survey, paper/pen, mailing, etc.)

Section 3: The Intervention

An outline of an intervention you would implement to address the population health problem with your selected population based on the results of the study in Section 2 (Note: If you selected a descriptive study design, you are still required to outline an intervention that might be developed based on future research.)
A review of the literature that supports this intervention

Section 4: The Impact

An explanation of the health outcome you would be seeking and the social impact of solving this issue

Section 5: Evaluation

An evaluation plan based upon the health outcome that you have chosen and your anticipated results

Your written assignments must follow APA guidelines. Be sure to support your work with specific citations from appropriate Learning Resources and additional scholarly sources as appropriate. Refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association to ensure that your in- text citations and reference list are correct.
By Day 3

Submit your Major Assessment paper.
Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK11Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
Click the Week 11 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
Click the Week 11 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “WK11Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.

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Grading Criteria

To access your rubric:

Week 11 Assignment Rubric

Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity

To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:

Submit your Week 11 Assignment draft and review the originality report.

Submit Your Assignment by Day 3

To submit your Assignment:

Week 11 Assignment

 

Week in Review

In this final week, you analyzed epidemiological considerations that resulted from natural or human-made disasters and the impact of culture, ethics, regulatory, and legal issues on population health. In addition, you applied epidemiological methods to effectively address a population’s need and evaluated the effects of health care reform as it relates to a selected population health initiative.

Congratulations! After you have finished all of the assignments for this week, you have completed the course. Please submit your Course Evaluation by Day 7.