HIM-650 Health Care Data Management Paper

HIM-650 Health Care Data Management Paper

Introduction to R Programming

R Programming Language

R is a programming language and a simulation environment for graphical and analytical computation. The R environment is defined by Campise (2020) as a comprehensive package of software tools for manipulating data, computation, and visual presentation. Its unified collection of intermediary operations used in data analysis and storage makes it a popular choice. Furthermore, according to Krotov (2020), the R language is robust and straightforward, with looping and user-defined routines for higher accuracy in its operations. The language is widely used in various settings, such as big financial institutions, logistics, and hospitals. This paper discusses several features of the R programming language as they apply to the healthcare sector.

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Benefits and Drawbacks of R Programming Language in the Healthcare Sector

The R programming language holds a key influence in the software industry, demonstrating its relevance and impact (Schauber, 2019). Nevertheless, it is a well-known reality that every technological innovation has advantages and disadvantages. R, like other computer languages, has benefits and drawbacks.

Benefits

R is an open-source application, implying that anyone with a basic understanding of the language can utilize it without paying a license or subscription (Schauber, 2019). Any technology or programming specialist can also aid in the language’s evolution. An interested party can modify the R scripts, create new ones, and troubleshoot problems.

Interoperability: R has a high level of interoperability and flexibility when matched with other programming languages like C++, C, Python, and Java (Krotov, 2020). It could be linked to numerous hospital management solutions, such as the Medicare Provider Analysis and Review (MEDPAR) and the Hospital Expenditure and Usage Project (HEUP).

Better graphing and plotting: R supports graphing and plotting of anatomical characterizations, prescriptions, and disease anatomy (Schauber, 2019). Modifying medical illustrations, charts, and graphs will help patients understand their treatment and follow prescription instructions. Additionally, R language innovations are essential because they demonstrate the connection between facts and statistics and facilitate the interpretation of large amounts of scientific and medical data.

Platform Independence: DataFlair Team (2019) noted that R is a platform-independent tool working on Linux, Windows, and Mac operating systems. As a result, it is adaptable and perfect for hundreds of enterprises whose workstations use various operating systems.

Reliable: In empirical operations, R is far more dependable. The DataFlair Team (2019) regards the R language as the statistical lingua franca. R is presently expanding its presence among other computer languages due to its greater applicability in generating analytical methods.

Drawbacks

Complex Language – R is one of the more difficult computer languages to master. Its learning curve is relatively steep; it is, therefore, best suited to programming specialists and software engineers. Healthcare professionals who have no formal programming skills may struggle to learn and use R.

Slow Processing Speed: Krotov (2020) argued that the R computer language and its libraries are significantly slower than other languages like Python and MATLAB.  Due to its low computational speed, R is perhaps one of the drawbacks of large hospitals with large amounts of data.

Basic Security: Using the R programming language provides no specific security. Other programming tools, including Python, outperform R in this area. Because R cannot be implemented in a web-based application with multiple data exposures, security concerns have established certain constraints.

Applications of R for Data Analysis and Visualization

The R programming language has extensive applications in various fields, including finance, banking, e-commerce, and many others. R’s command-line-driven software executes statistical procedures in all of these fields (Schauber, 2019). Among the multiple applications are, but are not confined to, the following:

Finance: R is used to accounting activities in the healthcare sector since it offers a rigorous analytics suite to manage all financial duties. R has been invaluable in budgeting, patient invoicing, and other critical tasks. Financial managers at healthcare institutions can use R to perform downside risk assessment, change risk performance, and use visualizations, including drawdown plots, candlestick charts, and density plots (Haymond & Master, 2020).

General Healthcare: R tool is extensively used in healthcare professions, including epidemiology, drug discovery, genetics, and bioinformatics to analyze and process data. This serves as a necessary foundation for more complex data analysis. According to Haymond & Master (2020), R helps conduct clinical studies and do drug safety assessments in contemporary research methods such as drug development. It also gives users a package for conducting explanatory data analysis and visual presentation tools.

The Bioconductor library, which analyzes genomic data, is a contemporary R utility gaining prominence in the healthcare business. Researchers frequently use this program to perform statistical modeling in epidemiology to assess and forecast the transmission of infectious illnesses (Schauber, 2019).

R Statements Used for Decision Making

R’s decision-making frameworks demand that the user defines at least one condition for the software to analyze or measure. If the condition is proved to be valid, statements are implemented; otherwise, other instructions are executed if the condition is affirmed to be false. The figure below shows a typical decision-making framework in R and other computer languages.

Figure 1: R Decision Tree

The following are the three decision-making declarations in the R language:

If statement: It is made up of a Boolean operation preceded by multiple assertions. The instruction is run if the test expression is TRUE. Nothing occurs if that argument is FALSE (Naveen, 2022).

If… else statement: It can be preceded by an additional else expression that will be performed if the Boolean condition is false. The else element is always optional in this scenario and is only run if the test function is FALSE (Naveen, 20222).

Switch statement: This expression permits a parameter to be tested for parity against a set of values. Switch (statement, case 1…case 2…case n) is the basic form for building a switch statement in R. (Naveen, 2022).

Data Visualization Options in R Programming Language

There is growing pressure for visually communicating data and information with the enormous quantity of data, especially in the health sector. R programming includes built-in methods and libraries for creating visuals and presenting data (Brennan, 2021). This instance’s most common R visuals are area charts, box plots, stack bar charts, histograms, and scatter plots.

Histograms: Histograms are often used in healthcare institutions for visualizing health data. Brennan (2021) displays statistical parameters and divides data into bars to demonstrate data frequency distribution. Modifying the bar size will change the overall appearance of the visualization. Body mass, height, temperature, and duration for individuals on a respirator or other equipment are some of the frequent patient data presented on a histogram. If some of these characteristics change, the histogram will visually display the rate with which a “change” happens as a component of data sets (Brennan, 2021).

Scatter Plots: Another R visualization tool that depicts the connection between two data set is scatter plots (Brennan, 2021). A scatter plot can demonstrate the relationship between the patient’s revised length of admission rate and the age index of the hospital system’s quality improvement initiatives.  The graphical result indicates whether there is a negative, positive, or no relationship between independent variables in consideration. In a positive correlation, one value increases as the other increases, whereas in a negative relation, one value increases as the other falls.

Purpose of The Microsoft Visual Studio

Microsoft Visual Studio is an application development platform that uses Microsoft software development platforms such as Windows Presentation Foundation and Windows Forms to create software applications, webpages, web applications, digital services, and mobile applications (Hogenson, 2022). The program includes an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) functionality that allows users to conduct various software development tasks.

Numerous commands are available in the Studio for use in development processes. Below are the most popular commands that accept arguments or switches:

• Add Existing Item: Adds an existing file to the current solution and opens it
• Add New Item: Creates an item solution object to the current solution; for instance, .css, .htm, or .txt and reads it (Hogenson, 2022).
• List Disassembles: Begin the debugging process by allowing the user to define error control processes.
• List Memory: Displays a summary of the items of a given memory.

Working with Microsoft Visual Studio is a fantastic experience because it allows users to create applications and games, smartphone applications, web applications, plugins, and databases. Nevertheless, the Studio is not suitable for beginners (Hogenson, 2022). They must become sufficiently acquainted with the IDE’s functionality before building new projects. The Visual Studio will be pretty simple to use once you’ve learned how to utilize it.

Conclusion

The R programming language holds a key influence in the software industry, demonstrating its relevance and impact. Nevertheless, it is a well-known reality that every technological innovation has advantages and disadvantages. R is not a particularly impressive programming language. R supports graphing and plotting of anatomical characterizations, prescriptions, and disease anatomy. Modifying medical illustrations, charts, and graphs will help patients understand their treatment and follow prescription instructions.

References

Brennan, P. (2021). Data visualization with the programming language R. The Biochemist, 43(5), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1042/bio_2021_174

Campise, K. (2020). R for Data Science. DiscoverDataScience.Org. https://www.discoverdatascience.org/training/r/

Haymond, S., & Master, S. (2020). Why clinical laboratorians should embrace the r programming language | aacc. Org. https://www.aacc.org/cln/articles/2020/april/why-clinical-laboratorians-should-embrace-the-r-programming-language

Hogenson, G. (2022). R tools for visual studio—Visual studio(Windows). https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/rtvs/

Krotov, V. (2020). A Quick Introduction to R and RStudio. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10401.92009

Naveen. (2022). Control and if statements in r programming—Loops in r programming. Intellipaat Blog. https://intellipaat.com/blog/tutorial/r-programming/decision-making-and-loops/

Schauber, S. K. (2019). Introduction to the r programming language for statistical computing and graphics.

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Health Care Data Management
HIM-650 Course Description
This course examines health care information resources and their impact on administrative functions,
interfaces, data security and integrity, and business processes. Topics include use of relational database
management software to construct tables, develop forms, create and execute queries, design and deploy reports, and advance database concepts to automate contemporary business processes. Learners are able to distinguish between various network hardware technologies and associated data communications protocols in order to direct how organizations design and implement data networks. Prerequisites: HIM-515, HCI-600, or NUR-514; and HIM-615.
Instructor Contact Information
Class Resources
Data Manipulation and Querying With SQL Answer Key
This “Data Manipulation and Querying With SQL Answer Key” will assist instructors in answering specifc
questions from learners regarding the Topic 4 assignment.
Cengage New Student Registration Link
Follow the link for instructions on how to register for and access your MindTap classroom.
https://www.cengage.com/coursepages/Student_MindTap
HIM-650 Figures and Tables
Utilize “HIM-650 Figures and Tables,” for assistance in completing assignments and DQs throughout the
course.
HIM-650 SQL Queries Grading Criteria
HIM-650 Discussion Questions
LopesWrite
Refer to the LopesWrite webpage for guidance regarding assignments requiring submission to LopesWrite.
https://support.gcu.edu/hc/en-us/articles/201277380-LopesWrite
Cengage: MindTap Instructions
Please review the instructions provided at the following link for information on how to assist learners in
registering for MindTap as well as guidance on how to set up your MindTap course.
https://www.cengage.com/coursepages/GCU_Instructors
HIM-650 Course Revision History
MindTap for Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management
Coronel, C., & Morris, S. (2017). Database systems: Design, implementation, and management (13th ed.). Cengage. ISBN 13: 9781337627900
Learners as well as the instructor will utilize the link provided to register into the MindTap portion of your course. You will only need to provide your login credentials the first time you login. If you already have a Cengage account, use your existing login credentials. Throughout the course, you will utilize the following link to access your MindTap resources and assignments.
Topic 1: Health Data Fundamentals
Jan 13, 2022 – Jan 19, 2022 Max Points: 120
Resources
7 Steps to Writing the Perfect Project Proposal
Read “7 Steps to Writing the Perfect Project Proposal,” by Rivera (2021), located on The Blueprint website.
https://www.fool.com/the-blueprint/project-proposal/
Quality Measures
Read “Quality Measures,” located on the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) website.
https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Quality-Initiatives-Patient-Assessment-Instruments/QualityMeasures
8 Ways to Make Your Business Proposal Stand Out
Read “8 Ways to Make Your Business Proposal Stand Out,” by Prosser (2019), located on the Score website.
https://www.score.org/blog/8-ways-make-your-business-proposal-stand-out
What You Better Know About Databases
Read “What You Better Know About Databases,” by Hayes and Hunton, from Journal of Accountancy (1999).
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/trade-journals/what-youbetter-know-about-databases/docview/206762157/se-2?accountid=7374
2021 Annual Call for Quality Measures Fact Sheet
Read “2021 Annual Call for Quality Measures Fact Sheet,” located on the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) website.
https://www.cms.gov/fles/document/mips-call-quality-measures-overview-fact-sheet-2021.pdf
Assessments
Class Introductions
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Jan 13, 2022, 12:00 AM Jan 15, 2022, 11:59 PM 0
Take a moment to explore your new classroom and introduce yourself to your fellow classmates. What are you excited about learning? What do you think will be most challenging?
File Structures
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Jan 13, 2022, 12:00 AM Jan 19, 2022, 11:59 PM 90
Complete the assignment in MindTap for Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management.
CAHIIM
This assignment aligns to the following AMIA 2017 Core Competencies for Health Informatics Curricula at the master’s degree level:
F2: Information Science and Technology: Shows How
F4: Health Information Science and Technology: Shows How
Topic 1 DQ 1
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Jan 13, 2022, 12:00 AM Jan 15, 2022, 11:59 PM 5
Explain the differences between data, information, and a database. Describe the purpose of a database in health care and provide an example of one utilized locally, statewide, and nationally.
Topic 1 DQ 2
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Jan 13, 2022, 12:00 AM Jan 17, 2022, 11:59 PM 5
The CMS Quality Measures Inventory is a compilation of measures used by CMS in various quality, reporting, and payment programs. The measures are evidence-based criteria that indicate timeliness and effectiveness of care for specific conditions. Consider the CMS core measures and the data used to support their reporting. Which do you believe are the easiest to collect and which do you think are the most difficult to collect?
Topic 1 Participation
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Jan 13, 2022, 12:00 AM Jan 19, 2022, 11:59 PM 20
Topic 2: Data Modeling
Jan 20, 2022 – Jan 26, 2022 Max Points: 130
Resources
Blockchain Personal Health Records: Systematic Review
Read “Blockchain Personal Health Records: Systematic Review,” by Fang, Tan, Tan, and Tan, from Journal of Medical Internet Research (2021).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8080150/
Comparing Top-Down With Bottom-Up Approaches: Teaching Data Modeling
Read “Comparing Top-Down With Bottom-Up Approaches: Teaching Data Modeling,” by Kung, Kung, and Gardiner, from Information System Education Journal (2013).
https://fles.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1145017.pdf
Design of a Hospital-Based Database (A Case Study of BIRDEM)
Read “Design of a Hospital-Based Database (A Case Study of BIRDEM),” by Khan and Saber, from International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering (2010).
http://www.enggjournals.com/ijcse/doc/IJCSE10-02-08-050.pdf
A Proposal for a Drug Information Database and Text Examples for Generating Package
Inserts
Read “A Proposal for a Drug Information Database and Text Examples for Generating Package Inserts,” by Okuya, Kimura, Ohkura, and Tsuchiya, from Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety (2013).
https://www.dovepress.com/getfle.php?fleID=16905
Managing Databases
View the video, “Managing Databases,” by ClickView Pty Limited (2009), available through Films on Demand in the GCU Library.
https://digital-flms-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=40208&tScript=0
Assessments
Database Project Proposal – Part 1
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Jan 20, 2022, 12:00 AM Jan 26, 2022, 11:59 PM 100
The purpose of this assignment is to provide learners a basic understanding for identifying a database project proposal for collecting data and for designing and developing a small database that can be used to compile and report clinical data related to either quality measures or pharmaceutical products and utilization.
There are three parts to the database project proposal. The initial step involves identifying an idea for a database and describing its purpose. The second part allows you to design the database components. The third part requires you to present the database proposal to stakeholders. Feedback from the instructor at every stage will help you make improvements in the database project.
To complete Part 1 of the Database Project Proposal assignment, create a 500-750-word proposal outlining the following elements:
1. Statement of the project problem and definition of terms.
2. Identify database users (personnel/credentials): Who are they? What are their competencies and
background?
3. Discuss the types of data that users will collect for the proposed database and describe at least three
reports that will be generated for analysis. Explain their use and who will use the reports?
4. Describe the project goals and clear measurable objectives for the database. Identify the steps you will take to meet the goals and objectives.
5. Forecast any potential problems or barriers to meeting the project goals and objectives. Are there any
specifc assumptions that need to be made?
6. Discuss data communications protocols that could be used in your database project. Refer to the
“Blockchain Personal Health Records: Systematic Review” article, provided in the topic Resources.
7. Conclude with the value of the project with emphasis on feasibility and the beneft of the expected results.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student
Success Center. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.
CAHIIM
This assignment aligns to the following AMIA 2017 Core Competencies for Health Informatics Curricula at the master’s degree level:
F1: Health: Shows How
F2: Information Science and Technology: Shows How
F4: Health Information Science and Technology: Shows How
Topic 2 DQ 1
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Jan 20, 2022, 12:00 AM Jan 22, 2022, 11:59 PM 5
Who would be the ideal candidate(s) from whom to elicit information during the requirements gathering and
analysis phase of the database project? Explain why.
Topic 2 DQ 2
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Jan 20, 2022, 12:00 AM Jan 24, 2022, 11:59 PM 5
Typically, a patient staying in a hospital receives medications that have been ordered by a particular doctor. Because the patient often receives several medications per day, there is a 1:M relationship between patient and order. Similarly, each order can include several medications, creating a 1:M relationship between order and medication.
1. Identify diferent entities from this scenario.
2. Create an entity-relationship diagram illustrating 1:1 and 1: many relationships.
3. Compare your ERD with another classmate’s and discuss the diferences each of you had.
Topic 2 Participation
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Jan 20, 2022, 12:00 AM Jan 26, 2022, 11:59 PM 20

Topic 3: Database Design Components
Jan 27, 2022 – Feb 2, 2022 Max Points: 130
Resources
MySQL
Explore the MySQL website.
https://www.mysql.com/
Optional: Database Tutorial for Beginners
For additional information regarding Lucidchart that can be utilized in the Topic 3 assignment, the following is recommended:
“Database Tutorial for Beginners,” by Lucidchart (2018), located on the YouTube website.

Optional: Omnigrafe
For additional information regarding the Omnigrafe program that can be utilized in the Topic 3 assignment, the following is recommended:
Explore the Omnigrafe website. https://www.omnigroup.com/omnigrafe
Optional: What Is Visio?
For additional information regarding the Microsoft Visio program that can be utilized in the Topic 3
assignment, the following is recommended:
“What Is Visio?” located on the Microsoft Support website.
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/ofce/video-what-is-visio-421b0c94-7ecf-4e62-8072-d27e04d24fe6
Assessments
Database Project Proposal – Part 2
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Jan 27, 2022, 12:00 AM Feb 2, 2022, 11:59 PM 100
The purpose of this assignment is to build upon your database project proposal by creating the database schema components. A schema is a logical grouping of database objects, such as tables, indexes, views, and queries that are related to each other.
To complete Part 2 of the Database Project Proposal assignment, write a 750-1,000-word essay that contains the following information:
1. Restate your database project; describe its goal and objectives.
2. Describe the purpose of the database schema for your project.
3. Write out the process associated with your business rules relating to your database.
4. Create a data dictionary that contains no less than five entities. Select and design an entity-relationship diagram (Crow, Chen, UML); Note: There are a variety of ER modeling software programs on the market. Microsoft Visio, OmniGrafe, LucidChart, and MySQL are few of these programs that provide free trials to create entity-relationship diagrams. In addition, you can simply create diagrams by utilizing Microsoft Word, PowerPoint Shapes, or SmartArt.
5. Focus on one or two areas of your design that seemed especially difcult to develop and provide a brief
assessment of the difculty you encountered in modeling.
6. Discuss the project’s limitations and possible extensions.
This is an ongoing project and feedback from the instructor at every stage will help you to improve your final project.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student
Success Center.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.
CAHIIM
This assignment aligns to the following AMIA 2017 Core Competencies for Health Informatics Curricula at the master’s degree level:
F1: Health: Does
F2: Information Science and Technology: Does
F4: Health Information Science and Technology: Does
Topic 3 DQ 1
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Jan 27, 2022, 12:00 AM Jan 29, 2022, 11:59 PM 5
Utilize Figure 4.3, Figure 4.4, and Table 4.3 located in the textbook for assistance in completing this discussion question.
What are the benefits or disadvantages of ER diagrams? Why bother with logical design and not just create tables and columns (physical design) directly?
Topic 3 DQ 2
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Jan 27, 2022, 12:00 AM Jan 31, 2022, 11:59 PM 5
Programming language, such as JAVA, C, Python, and SQL, are commonly used in electronic health records and databases. Relational databases use structured query language (SQL) programming. SQL statements can be divided into two categories: data manipulation language (DML) and data defnition language (DDL). Compare and contrast data manipulation and defnition language and provide an example and statement from each category.
Topic 3 Participation
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Jan 27, 2022, 12:00 AM Feb 2, 2022, 11:59 PM 20
Topic 4: Data Manipulation and Querying With SQL
Feb 3, 2022 – Feb 9, 2022 Max Points: 150
Resources
Is Query Reuse Potentially Harmful? Anchoring and Adjustment in Adapting Existing Database Queries
Read “Is Query Reuse Potentially Harmful? Anchoring and Adjustment in Adapting Existing Database Queries,” By Allen and Parsons, from Information Systems Research (2008).
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.23015519&site=edslive&scope=site&custid=s8333196&groupid=main&profle=eds1
Early History of SQL
Read “Early History of SQL,” by Chamberlin, from IEEE Annals of the History of Computing (2012).
https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1109/MAHC.2012.61
SQL Fiddle
Explore the SQL Fiddle website for assistance with the topic assignment.
http://sqlfddle.com/
Handy MySQL Commands
Refer to the “Handy MySQL Commands” resource to assist you with completing the topic assignment.
http://g2pc1.bu.edu/~qzpeng/manual/MySQL%20Commands.htm
Assessments
Data Manipulation and Querying With SQL
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Feb 3, 2022, 12:00 AM Feb 9, 2022, 11:59 PM 120
The purpose of this assignment is to give learners an opportunity to write and execute MySQL commands utilizing SQL Fiddle. SQL Fiddle is a cloud-based application that allows database designers to write syntax and share data with other professionals. For this assignment, begin by reviewing the attached resource, “Data Manipulation and Querying With SQL Resource” for assistance in completing this assignment.
Part 1
Log onto SQL Fiddle and execute the SQL commands listed, in the order provided, in the attached resource, “Data Manipulation and Querying With SQL Assignment Instructions.” Use the information found in the “Provider Table” that is located within the resource to build the database.
Part 2
Write a 500-750-word essay that includes the following:
1. The history of SQL language
2. The purpose of SQL language
3. A statement and screenshot of each executed command.
4. Discussion of deletion and marker columns (50-75 words)
General Requirements
The bulk of this essay should focus on the history and purpose of SQL language.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student
Success Center.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
Topic 5: Data Security
Feb 10, 2022 – Feb 16, 2022 Max Points: 180
Resources
Loom
Loom is a free video recording tool that allows you send messages through shareable videos. For assistance on installing the software or usage, navigate to the Loom Help Center. https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/opentest-inc/2018/loom_1e.php
Optional: Cloud SQL Pricing
For additional information regarding pricing for Cloud SQL, the following is recommended:
“Cloud SQL Pricing,” located on the Google Cloud website.
https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing
Tailoring Database Training for End Users
Read “Tailoring Database Training for End Users,” by Ahrens and Sankar, from MIS Quarterly (1993).
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=bth&AN=9410256179&site=edslive&scope=site&custid=s8333196&groupid=main&profle=eds1
Assessments
Database Project Proposal – Part 3
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Feb 10, 2022, 12:00 AM Feb 16, 2022, 11:59 PM 150
The purpose of this assignment is to provide learners a basic understanding for identifying a proposal for
collecting data, designing and developing a small database, and presenting the proposal to stakeholders.
To complete Part 3 of the Database Project Proposal assignment, create a PowerPoint (10-15 slides)
presentation video discussing your database proposal. Using Loom, record your presentation and submit the unrestricted Loom link on the frst page of your PowerPoint presentation to the instructor.
Refer to the topic Resources for additional guidance on recording your presentation with Loom.
Part 1
Apply principles of the systems development life cycle (SDLC) in your proposal by including the SDLC phases listed below into your presentation. You may copy and paste elements from past assignments that apply to the SDLC.
1. Planning
2. Analysis (What are the requirements of the current system’s end user?)
3. Detailed Systems Design (Completes the design of the system’s processes, technical specifcations, data dictionary, ERD diagram, training principles and methodologies.)
4. Implementation (Database is actually created and is customized by the creation of tables and views, user authorizations, etc. During this implementation phase, the database enters into a cycle of coding, testing, and debugging until it is ready.)
5. Maintenance (During this phase, end-users can begin to request change in it.
Part 2
The presentation must also include the following elements of the proposal:
1. State the project problem and explain the role of the database in the organization.
2. Identify database users (personnel/credentials): Who are they? What are their competencies and
background? What training might the database end users need to utilize the database?
3. Discuss the types of data that users will collect for the proposed database and the types of reports that will be generated for analysis, including an an explanation of their use as well as an explanation of who will use the reports.
4. Describe the project goals and clear measurable objectives for the database.
5. Provide examples of database schema components: database dictionary and ERD diagram.
6. Demonstrate database functions by providing a screenshot of basic MySQL statements and their outcomes for at least four rows: Statements include: CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, QUERY TABLE, ADD A NEW COLUMN, QUERY – COLUMN FUNCTIONS, ADD A NEW ROW, QUERY – AGGREGATION, MULTI-TABLEQUERIES – JOINING, and QUERY – MULTI-TABLE.
7. Explain policies, procedures, and regulations (HIPAA) to assure security, privacy, and integrity of the
database proposal.
8. Forecast any potential problems or barriers to meeting the project goals and objectives. Are there any
specifc assumptions that need to be made?
9. Conclude with the value of the project, emphasizing feasibility, cost (including future costs, security costs, and hosting costs), necessity, usefulness, and the beneft of the expected results. Make sure to include an explanation on how this database will save the organization time, money, and improve patient care/treatment with the data it will store and query both now, and in the future.
General Requirements
Refer to the resource, “Creating Efective PowerPoint Presentations,” located in the Student Success Center, for additional guidance on completing this assignment in the appropriate style.
While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and
documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.
CAHIIM
This assignment aligns to the following AMIA 2017 Core Competencies for Health Informatics Curricula at the master’s degree level:
F2: Information Science and Technology: Does
F4: Health Information Science and Technology: Does
Topic 5 DQ 1
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points Feb 10, 2022, 12:00 AM Feb 12, 2022, 11:59 PM 5
Can you think of ways to validate the information from SQL queries or reports to assure a level of accuracy in the results? When, if at all, is it better to extract raw data instead of summary information and what are the best ways to present any retrieved information (e.g., tables, diagrams, narrative)?
Topic 5 DQ 2
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points Feb 10, 2022, 12:00 AM Feb 14, 2022, 11:59 PM 5 Data analytics is applied to discover trends and patterns in health care data, and it predicts future events based on the discoveries. Compare and contrast data analytics, specifcally the use of explanatory or predictive analysis, that you might employ for analyzing health data.
Topic 5 Participation
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points Feb 10, 2022, 12:00 AM Feb 16, 2022, 11:59 PM 20
Topic 6: Introduction to R Programming
Resources How to Install R Tools for Visual Studio
Read “How to Install R Tools for Visual Studio,” located on the Microsoft Visual Studio website.
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/rtvs/installing-r-tools-for-visual-studio? view=vs-2017&viewFallbackFrom=vs-2019
Introduction to R Programming With DataCamp View
“Introduction to R Programming With DataCamp,” by General Assembly (2015), located on the YouTube website. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HkNFn6eosaU
The Radical Potential of Open Source Programming in Healthcare
Read “The Radical Potential of Open Source Programming in Healthcare,” by Filler (2015), located on the Healthcare IT News website.
https://www.healthcareitnews.com/blog/radical-potential-open-source-programming-healthcare
R Programming for MS Developers With RTVS (R Tools for Visual Studio)
View “R Programming for MS Developers With RTVS (R Tools for Visual Studio),” by Burns (2016), located on the
YouTube website.

Get Started With R Tools for Visual Studio
The free Microsoft Visual Studio website, “Get Started With R Tools for Visual Studio,” can be used by learners to learn about and practice R programming. Optional Practice: For additional practice, learners have the option to use the website tutorial to begin a new R project. To do this, frst you must install R by clicking on Quickstart/Installation from the left side menu. Next, on the left side menu, click on Tutorials/Getting started with R.
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/rtvs/getting-started-with-r?view=vs-2017
The Data Scientist’s Toolkit: R Programming Language
Read “The Data Scientist’s Toolkit: R Programming Language,” by Campise, located on the Discover Data
Science website.
https://www.discoverdatascience.org/training/r/
Why Clinical Laboratorians Should Embrace the R Programming Language
Read “Why Clinical Laboratorians Should Embrace the R Programming Language,” by Haymond and Master, from Clinical Laboratory News (2020), located on the American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC) website.
https://www.aacc.org/publications/cln/articles/2020/april/why-clinical-laboratorians-should-embrace-the-rprogramming-language
Optional – Visual Studio Product Family Documentation
For additional information, the following is recommended:
Explore the “Visual Studio Product Family Documentation” page on the Microsoft Visual Studio website for assistance with Microsoft Visual Studio.
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/?view=vs-2019
Pros and Cons of R Programming Language – Unveil the Essential Aspects
Read “Pros and Cons of R Programming Language – Unveil the Essential Aspects!” (2019), located on the DataFlair website.
https://data-fair.training/blogs/pros-and-cons-of-r-programming-language/
Control Flow Statements in R – Decision Making and Loops
Read “Control Flow Statements in R – Decision Making and Loops,” by Naveen (2021), located from the IntelliPaat website.
https://intellipaat.com/blog/tutorial/r-programming/decision-making-and-loops/#Decision-Making
Data Structures in R Programming
Read Chapter 3, Lesson 1, “Data Structures in R Programming,” from the Computer Science 114: Programming in R online course, by Kypridemos (2018), located on the Study.com website.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/data-structures-in-r-programming.html
Optional – Data Science: Foundations Using R Specialization
For additional information, the following is recommended:
If you choose to continue further studies in R programming, you can access free coursework through the “Data Science: Foundations Using R Specialization” page of the Coursera website. You have the option to earn a certifcate upon course completion and add the certifcate to your resume.
https://www.coursera.org/specializations/data-science-foundations-r
Health Care Analytics: Patient’s Visit Cycle Time (Using R)
View “Health Care Analytics: Patient’s Visit Cycle Time (Using R),” by Social Research Insights (2018), located on the YouTube website.

Work With R in Visual Studio
Read “Work With R in Visual Studio,” located on the Microsoft Visual Studio website.
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/rtvs/?view=vs-2017
Assessments
Introduction to R
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Feb 17, 2022, 12:00 AM Feb 23, 2022, 11:59 PM 100
Review the “Introduction to R Programming With DataCamp,” video and the other topic Resources. Answer the following R programming question related to the video and topic Resources (750 words minimum):
1. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of R programming language in the health care industry.
2. Discuss applications of R for data analysis and visualization.
3. Discuss three R statements used for decision making. Include three corresponding example statements.
4. Describe two data visualization options in R programming language. Provide an example of a health care data application for each of the visualization options selected (e.g., histogram). Make sure to provide both the example and graph for each of your selected visualization examples.
5. What is the purpose of the Microsoft Visual Studio? List the commands used to create a new R project in Visual Studio. What is your impression of the ease of use for this tool?
Learners may gain additional practice in R by viewing the Microsoft Visual Studio website. There you will be able to practice using the Microsoft Visual Studio by using the interactive tool that allows you to create a new R project.
APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar
with the expectations for successful completion.
You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.
CAHIIM
This assignment aligns to the following AMIA 2017 Core Competencies for Health Informatics Curricula at the master’s degree level:
F2: Information Science and Technology: Shows How

Topic 6 DQ 1
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Feb 17, 2022, 12:00 AM Feb 19, 2022, 11:59 PM 5
Using resources provided in the topic Resources, answer the question: “What is R?” Discuss the role of R on software and the health care industry. What are the benefts and challenges of R as compared to other programming languages used in the health care industry?
Topic 6 DQ 2
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Feb 17, 2022, 12:00 AM Feb 21, 2022, 11:59 PM 5
Consider R language defnitions using resources provided in the topic Resources. Defne the term data structures or objects in R and discuss several examples (e.g., vectors, lists, language objects, symbol objects, expression objects, function objects, NULL). All R objects have attributes. What is the purpose of attributes?
Topic 6 Participation
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Feb 17, 2022, 12:00 AM Feb 23, 2022, 11:59 PM 20

Topic 7: Information Systems Integration and Interoperability: Multiple Integrated Solutions vs. Single Vendor Comparison
Feb 24, 2022 – Mar 2, 2022 Max Points: 30
Resources
Implementing Healthcare Interoperability Utilizing SOA and Data Interchange Agent
Read “Implementing Healthcare Interoperability Utilizing SOA and Data Interchange Agent,” by Batra, Sachdeva, & Mukherjee, from Health Policy and Technology (2015).
https://www-sciencedirect-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S2211883715000313?via%3Dihub
21st Century Cures Act
Read “21st Century Cures Act,” by Dziak, from Salem Press Encyclopedia (2019).
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=ers&AN=141224232&site=edslive&scope=site&custid=s8333196&groupid=main&profle=eds1
Single- vs. Multi-Vendor Approaches to UC
Read “Single- vs. Multi-Vendor Approaches to UC,” by Audin (2012), located on the Webtorials website.
https://www.webtorials.com/content/2012/01/single-vs-multi-vendor-uc.html
Interoperability Reference Models for Applications of Artifcial Intelligence in Medical Imaging
Read “Interoperability Reference Models for Applications of Artifcial Intelligence in Medical Imaging,” by Kwon and Yoo, from Applied Sciences (2021).
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsdoj&AN=edsdoj.061ec395c4844c668760f058e6872b0c&site=edslive&scope=site&custid=s8333196&groupid=main&profle=eds1
Primer: Understanding Software and System Architecture
Read “Primer: Understanding Software and System Architecture,” by Paganini (2019), located on the New Stack website.
https://thenewstack.io/primer-understanding-software-and-system-architecture/
Best Practices to Help With Multiplatform System Integration
Read “Best Practices to Help With Multiplatform System Integration,” by Kay, from Control Engineering (2016).
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsbig&AN=edsbig.A477992417&site=edslive&scope=site&custid=s8333196&groupid=main&profle=eds1
Assessments
Topic 7 DQ 1
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Feb 24, 2022, 12:00 AM Feb 26, 2022, 11:59 PM 5
Describe one to two differences between single vendor solutions and multiple vendor integrated solutions. What is the role and importance of multiplatform integration in health care IT systems? Describe how multiple integrated solutions evolve in a large health care organization and the challenges incurred for both the clinical and technical staf. When a new system or application is considered for implementation, what are some vital factors that must be considered within the framework of the existing architecture?
Topic 7 DQ 2
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Feb 24, 2022, 12:00 AM Feb 28, 2022, 11:59 PM 5
Discuss challenges associated with maintaining multiple interfaces between health care systems and how the 21st Century Cures Act will afect data exchange. What are some examples of timing and data integrity challenges you may have experienced in your own career or you feel may be encountered when an organization operates multiple systems on diferent platforms?
Topic 7 Participation
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points
Feb 24, 2022, 12:00 AM Mar 2, 2022, 11:59 PM 20

Topic 8: Machine Learning
Mar 3, 2022 – Mar 9, 2022 Max Points: 130
Resources
Machine Learning in Medicine: A Practical Introduction
Read “Machine Learning in Medicine: A Practical Introduction,” by Sidey-Gibbons and Sidey-Gibbons, from BMC Medical Research Methodology (2019).
https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-019-0681-4
Holzinger Group Welcome to Students
View “Holzinger Group Welcome to Students,” by Holzinger (2016), located on the YouTube website.

Prediction of Hospitalization Due to Heart Diseases by Supervised Learning Methods
Read “Prediction of Hospitalization Due to Heart Diseases by Supervised Learning Methods,” by Dai, Brisimi, Adams, Mela, Saligrama, and Paschalidis, from International Journal of Medical Informatics (2015).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4314395/
Machine Learning Zero to Hero (Google I/O’19)
View “Machine Learning Zero to Hero (Google I/O’19),” by TensorFlow (2019), located on the YouTube website.

Assessments
Machine Learning
The purpose of this assignment is to describe and evaluate machine learning processes and techniques
used in health care. In a 750-1,000-word essay, address the following:
1. Describe the diference between labeled data sets and unlabeled data sets.
2. Describe the diference between supervised and unsupervised machine learning.
3. Select either supervised or unsupervised machine learning and discuss the types of analytic tools that are used to analyze data sets.
4. Discuss the types of analytic tools that are used to analyze data sets.
5. Discuss the rationale for selecting the analytic tool that was selected to analyze supervised vs. unsupervised machine learning.
6. Discuss the machine learning process?
7. Provide examples of the uses of machine learning in health care.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.
CAHIIM
This assignment aligns to the following AMIA 2017 Core Competencies for Health Informatics Curricula at the master’s degree level:
F2: Information Science and Technology: Shows How
F4: Health Information Science and Technology: Shows How
Topic 8 DQ 1
Discuss the diference between supervised and unsupervised machine learning. Provide examples of how machine learning is used in health care.